Background and Aim: Major Dam construction projects have increased due to widespread climate change, as a result of increased drought, human population growth and, consequently, increased global demand for energy and water. However, without comprehensive research, a large project such as a dam will have many irreversible and unpredictable effects on the environment. In this paper, the environmental impacts of Eyvashan dam in two phases of construction and exploitation on biological, physical-chemical, economic-social, cultural and strategic environments have been identified and studied. Materials and Methods: In the study of the environmental impact assessment of the Eyvashan dam with regard to development and evolution, as well as the abundant use of matrices in construction projects, the modified Leopold matrix method and the rapid impact assessment matrix have been used. The field survey and questionnaire were used to evaluate the construction and operation activities on the environmental components. Results: The results showed that the most negative effects in both construction and utilization phases were in both Leopold modified matrix and the rapid impact assessment matrix related to the physical-chemical environment and the most positive effects of the socio-economic environment for both phases. Conclusion: By comparing the many positive effects of construction and exploitation of the dam in terms of socio-economic status, the construction of the dam can be considered as an appropriate alternative to the physicalchemical negative effects. Also, in the results of both matrices, there was a very suitable adaptation matrix that can confirm the accuracy of the results in the environmental assessment of the Eyvashan dam in two stages of construction and operation.

Increasing production of wastes due to the population growth, industrial development and human tendency to consumerism are among of the most important issues which now have become one of the biggest global concerns (Vahab Zadeh, 2009; Sehker and Beukering, 1998). Urban development and rising of living standards especially in developing countries also has been very effective in this field (Glawe et al., 2005). Environmental threats arising from the neglect of proper disposal of waste cannot be overlooked (Lorber et al., 1998). Unfortunately, in our country, especially in the past few decades, incorrect policies and uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources has brought many changes and vulnerability for the environment and if the scientific, technical and management instruments are not handled to deal with the crisis and the problems, future prospects will be very concerned (Taheri et al., 2014). One of the tools that have been welcomed for prediction and reducing the negative effects of important construction projects is Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) (Monavari, 2004). EIA including highly efficient methods which by recognizing the environment and understanding its importance, be examined the effects of different activities a project on environmental components (Canter, 1996). One of the most common ways which used in the environmental impact assessment of often development projects is the matrix technique. Tabriz as the largest and most industrialized city in North West of IRAN is faced with a very inappropriate situation about waste management in its disposal site. In the present study will try to use of two different matrix (RIAM and Leopold) to carry out environmental impact assessment of the current municipal waste landfill in Tabriz and finally with regard to the results, the various options be recommended for the implementation.

Background and Objective: Due to the negative effects of municipal waste, the need for proper management and selection of appropriate solutions to minimize these effects is strongly felt. One of the methods of recycling waste is preparing compost from organic materials. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the environmental impacts of the two options of implementation and non-implementation of the Karaj compost plant project. Materials and Methods: Based on the obtained results, the project implementation was determined by gaining more points )0. 181) in terms of sustainability and having the least destructive environmental effects, and the project was not implemented by gaining more points )-0. 155) in terms of sustainability and having more environmentally destructive effects. Results: Based on the obtained results, the first option )project implementation) was determined as the best option by gaining more points )0. 181) in terms of sustainability and having the least destructive environmental Impacts and the second option )non-implementation of the project) was determined with a lower score )-0. 155) in terms of sustainability and more environmental damage than the first option. Conclusion: According to the research findings, the results of the rapid impact assessment matrix and sustainability model are consistent in confirming the superiority of compost plant performance over non-implementation.

Background and aims: One of the most important environmental problems is excessive production and management of municipal solid waste materials. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is considered as an important strategy to minimize negative impacts. The aim of this study was the use of the EIA process to minimize environmental impacts of Shahrekord landfill and to provide appropriate options for managers and planners.Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed to assess environmental impacts of Shahrekord solid waste landfill using two methods, rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) and Iranian matrix based on field observation and data collection. Comparing was included four existing options including: continue the current landfill practices, upgrade landfill, construct a new sanitary landfill and compost and recycle plant.Results: The score of continuing current practices at RIAM and the Iranian Matrix was -1443 and -3.9, respectively. Composting and recycling plant has -816 score in the RIAM and 1 in Iranian matrix. Moreover, the results of two methods were displayed different in priority for upgrade landfill and construction a new landfill.Conclusion: Based on both methods to continue landfill with current practices is accompanied by severe damage in terms of environmental and health position. Composting and recycling plant is the first priority for Shahrekord.

A B S T R A C T The expansion of construction and industrial activities in the city has caused increased waste, problems, and numerous environmental effects. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out environmental impact assessments before implementing any urban project. In this research, the evaluation of the environmental effects of urban footpaths has been done with the rapid impact assessment matrix method. In the mentioned method, after identifying the activities of the proposed plan, their impact on each of the four dimensions, "physical-chemical," "biological-ecological," "social-cultural," and "economic-technical," is identified in two phases of construction and operation. However in the current research, to clarify and limit the dimensions, the activities of the proposed plan are examined in two dimensions "social-cultural" and "ecological-biological." For this purpose, after library studies and field observations, some urban experts selected the most important "social-cultural" and "biological-ecological" environmental factors in the Shiraz Health footpath and scored the footpath in two phases of construction and operation using the criteria of rapid impact assessment method. Finally, it was found that this project did not have any negative effects in both phases. However, the evaluation of this project in the construction and operation phase has negative scores in some of the sub-groups of the mentioned environmental factors and low scores in some of the sub-groups. Considering that the physical development of the city is a dynamic and continuous process; This urban project can bring constructions again in the future and be considered as a model for other urban footpaths. For this purpose, strategies and policies have been presented to improve the environmental quality of the footpath Extended Abstract Introduction In the past few decades, due to the rapid growth of urbanization and the expansion of construction and industrial activities, we witnessed an increase in waste, effects and numerous environmental hazards on human life. On the other hand, environmental protection, in order to achieve sustainable development, requires us to carry out environmental impact assessments for all urban projects. One of the most common urban projects is the creation of pedestrian spaces, including urban footpaths. Although the design of pedestrian-oriented spaces is a factor for sustainable development and reducing environmental pollution in cities, it should be noted that any urban project, including the construction and creation of urban footpaths, often leaves negative effects on the environment during the construction and operation phase. For this purpose, this research evaluates the environmental effects of urban footpaths with an emphasis on the case study of Shiraz Health footpath.   Methodology There are many tools and techniques to be used in environmental impact assessment processes, including checklists, matrices, quantitative and qualitative models, literature review and decision support systems, etc. In this research, which, according to its nature and content, is one of the applied studies that is carried out with a descriptive-analytical approach, we evaluated the environmental effects with the rapid impact assessment matrix method. In the mentioned method, after identifying the activities of the proposed plan, their impact on each of the four dimensions, "physical-chemical," "biological-ecological," "social-cultural," and "economic-technical," is identified in two phases of construction and operation. However, in the current research, in order to clarify and limit the dimensions, we only examine the activities of the proposed plan in two dimensions as "social-cultural" and "ecological-biological." For this purpose, after documentary and library studies and field observations using the snowball method, some urban experts   selected the most important factors for evaluating the environmental effects of Shiraz Health footpath in the two mentioned dimensions. After scoring them, this urban footpath was evaluated in two phases of construction and operation using the rapid impact assessment method. It should be noted that in order to increase the validity of the research, in the field part of the research, the indicators were investigated and evaluated by two questionnaire methods (experts' opinion) and also the authors' field observations (as a supplementary method).   Results and discussion We review the results of the evaluation of environmental effects in two dimensions, "social-cultural" and "ecological-biological," in both construction and operation phases according to the opinions of urban planning experts and specialists below: In the "social-cultural" dimension in the construction phase, among environmental factors (nuisance and noise, employment, creation of local traffic, landscape and security), two factors of nuisance and noise and creation of local traffic have negative consequences. On the other hand, employment has a positive outcome. This means the worsening of the two factors of nuisance and noise and local traffic during the construction of the project. In the "biological-ecological" dimension in the construction phase, among the environmental factors (mountain destruction and loss of green space, bio-ecosystem including water ecosystem and land ecosystem, impact on plant growth, impact on animal habitat, production of sewage and waste and pollution air) all the factors except the two factors of bio-ecosystem, which includes two ecosystems, water and land, and also the effect on the growth of plants, have a negative effect. These two factors have been evaluated as ineffective by experts. Among the negative factors, mountain destruction and loss of green space have had the most destructive effects in the construction phase. Other factors have had almost the same destructive effect. In the "social-cultural" dimension, in the exploitation phase, among the environmental factors (impact on the area perspective, impact on future development plans, security, physical health, physical comfort, psychological comfort, impact on the landscape and impact on transportation) three impact factors on the area perspective, the impact on future development plans and the impact on the landscape have the most positive consequences. In other words, the exploitation of this project has strengthened these factors more than other factors. On the other hand, the impact factor on transportation has been evaluated as having no effect. In the "biological-ecological" dimension, in the exploitation phase, among the environmental factors (loss of green space, bio-ecosystem including water ecosystem and land ecosystem, air pollution and climate change), the factor of loss of green space has a negative effect. This means that the operation of this project has caused the loss of a part of the green space in the area. On the other hand, the two factors of air pollution and climate change have a positive effect. This means that using this project has improved these two factors. According to experts, the bio-ecosystem factor has also been evaluated without consequences. This means that the exploitation phase of this project is ineffective on this factor. Finally, by examining the final score of the construction of Shiraz Health footpath, emphasizing all the environmental factors in "social-cultural" and "biological-ecological" dimensions, the results showed that this project, in total, both construction and operation phases, according to the experts' opinions did not have negative effects.   Conclusion Although, according to the opinions of urban experts, the construction of Shiraz Health footpath has not had a negative effect, as discussed in the discussion and findings section, some subgroups of "social-cultural" and "biological-ecological" environmental factors received negative and low scores in both construction and operation phases. Considering the importance of the fact that the physical development of the city is a dynamic and continuous process, this urban project may also bring construction again in the future, and even this urban footpath may be a model for many other pedestrian streets. For this purpose, at the end of the research, the authors try to improve the environmental quality of the mentioned urban footpath by relying on the experts' opinions and also the authors' field observations (as a supplementary evaluation method) by presenting strategies and policies.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Statement of Problem: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are major parts of the occupational diseases in workplaces. Protection from such diseases is dependent on assessment and improvement of job postures by using job analysis methods in ergonomics. Purpose: This study was aimed to evaluate ergonomic conditions in dental professions by rapid entire body assessment (REBA) in Birjand city and also to assess the relation between MSDS in different parts of the body and work conditions.Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytical approach performed on 48 persons working at different professions by using REBA method. The prevalence of MSDs was obtained by using Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ). The data were analyzed by independent t-test, Chi-square and Fisher tests with P<0.05 as the limit of significance. Results: In this investigation, the prevalence of disorders for different parts of the body was as follows: 65% for neck, 60% for back, 38% for shoulders, and 31% for wrist. These disorders were higher in women than men except for the back. There were significant correlation between disorders of femur and foreleg with work history, ankle and sole with body mass index (BMI), and MSDs with work conditions (P<0.05).Conclusion: It is concluded that the work conditions and postures need to be improved. In addition the level of dental professional education regarding biomechanical hazardous effects as well as correct work conditions and postures should be increased.

Introduction: With uncontrolled population growth, the safe disposal of waste is a major problem for metropolises. The issue of landfills and their location is at the end of the waste disposal life cycle. Waste burial is the most common method of disposal in urban communities of Iran and other countries of the world. Consequently, its environmental impact assessment is very important to reduce the negative environmental impact. Therefore, in this study, the environmental effects of the Urmia landfill utilizing the RIAM method were evaluated. Material and methods: In this study, to assess the environmental impact, field information was collected from the landfill of Urmia city. Then, the effect of different activities in the project was evaluated by the RIAM method. Also, important and influential factors have been classified by a group of environmental experts into four sections: physico-chemical, biological-ecological, cultural-social, and economic-operational. Each factor is scored based on the importance of the situation and the time value. The scoring method is such that by multiplying the criteria related to the importance of the situation, the total value of these criteria is determined. Also, for the provisional value criteria, its sub-criteria are summed. After obtaining these criteria, by multiplying these two criteria, the environmental score (ES) of the project is calculated. Results and discussion: Based on the study, it was observed that the highest negative score for biological-ecological components was-402 if the disposal continued in this way. Also, the lowest negative score amongst other available components for economic-operational components was equal to-109. The only positive point was related to the socio-cultural components which are part of subsistence. Also, the score for physico-chemical components and socio-cultural components were-351 and-114, respectively. The reasons for these negative scores are the lack of proper attention to the volume of waste produced by the people, the lack of a leachate treatment system, the lack of vegetation in the municipal waste landfill, unprincipled, and unsanitary waste burial, transportation distance, etc. Disposal operations with the current method, in addition to creating environmental pollution, are also very costly. Most of the cost of this method is spent on transportation, manpower and excavation, and earthmoving operations. In addition to these financial costs, unfortunately, in recent years, with the disappearance of agricultural lands around the municipal landfill, people have migrated from the surrounding villages. This causes a lot of pollution and prevents the conversion and recycling of waste. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that if waste disposal operations continue in the same trend, irreparable environmental damage will be inflicted on the region's ecosystem. To prevent these damages, it is necessary to provide practical solutions and in the management, the department should review the continuation of this method. Also, due to the landfill and waste disposal operations reaching their limit, it is suggested that if a new place for waste disposal is selected, it should be based on studies in the fields of geology, botany, geotechnics, etc. It also seems that the establishment of a waste recycling plant can be a great help in reducing the volume of waste.

Aim: The purpose of this research is to evaluate the positive and negative effects of the implementation of the steel project in joveyn city on the environment around it using the rapid impact assessment matrix of RIAM, and it has been done by separating the project and its environment into constituent factors.Material & Method: The present research is analytical and applied in terms of method (quantitative and qualitative) and type, respectively. The environmental impact assessment method is suitable for achieving sustainable development goals. In this study, the important effects related to the construction of Joveyn Sabzevar steel plant were investigated using the RIAM matrix method in order to analyze the effects due the construction  of the unit in the construction and operation phase.Finding: The findings show that the effect of project activities on physical and chemical factors, in the final summation in the physical and chemical environments related to soil erosion and sound effects (insignificant negative effects and changes), ground shaking, drainage, air quality and climate changes (significant negative effects) and in biological-ecological environments, it is related to the change of agricultural and garden land use (insignificant negative effect) and the effect on vegetation changes (significant negative effects). Cultural, social, economic, and technical environments showed positive effects and changes.Conclusion: The results of this research showed that the construction project of the Jovin Sabzevar steel plant has 18 negative effects and changes and 10 positive effects and changes on different environments. Also, according to the results, compliance with environmental requirements should be considered.Innovation: application of the results: evaluation and implementation of the steel project with the matrix method can determine the possibility or impossibility of implementing the project with less cost and time.

All land use development and particularly industrial development need site selection through environmental capability evaluation and environmental impact assessment to be sustainable. In order to This research analyses Environmental Impact Assessment of Automobile Industry which is going to be implemented in Takestan. Environmental impacts of this development have been assessed using both Rapid Matrix and Map Overlay methods. This process consists of: project description, identification of impact assessing discovering and predicting the impacts of project on environment, impact assessment, presenting the works that should be done in order to reduce negative impacts and present environmental management plan. Results of environmental capability evaluation through comparing with ecological model of industrial development by using Geographical Information System show about 85% of the selected site fits with category 1 and 15% of that fits with category 2, so the suggested place has the required capability for this land use type. In the next step, environmental impacts of establishing such factory were evaluated using Rapid Matrix method. According to the results of evaluation, performing mitigation plans are required. Spatial representation of results obtained through Rapid Matrix show that southern part of the studied area is the most affected. Therefore, mitigation measures and rehabilitation plans in this area has more priority with respect to other places.

Due to the growth of population and industrialization, a great number of problems associated with producing industrial wastes have been created for both the environment and human beings. The industrial waste management in Brujen industrial park, located in the western part of Iran, has been investigated in this study using the environmental rapid impact assessment matrix technique. For this purpose, the effective activities and components were classified. The determination of the best scenarios with the least impact on the environment was performed by developing the scenarios for possible industrial waste disposal and making calculations by the rapid impact assessment matrix method. The components of the environment were first classified into physical/chemical, economic/operational, biological/ecological, and social/cultural items. Afterward, with respect to the criteria of the rapid impact assessment matrix method, the importance of environmental impacts was determined by standard scoring of the developed scenarios. Ultimately, the environmental score of each component for the scenarios was calculated using the rapid impact assessment matrix method, and the best scenario with the least environmental impacts was selected through a quantitative comparison. According to the results, scenario 3 (pyrolysis) and scenario 1 (recycling) were found to have the most negative impact and the most positive impact on the environment. Scenario 4 (incineration), with its severe air pollution, obtained a high negative score and was excluded from the options. As a result, two systems of recycling (scenario 1) and the sanitary landfill (scenario 2) were identified as complementary to each other and were selected as a solid waste management method.